A weight function methodology for the assessment of embedded and surface irregular plane cracks

A low cost numerical tool for the calculation of mode I stress intensity factors K in embedded and surface irregular cracks is presented in this paper. The proposed tool is an extension of the O-integral algorithm due to Oore and Burns for the assessment of embedded plane cracks using the weight function methodology. The performance of the O-integral is assessed first by comparing its K results to exact solutions for embedded elliptical and rectangular cracks. From the analysis of this data it is found that the error in the K results systematically depends on the crack aspect ratio and the local crack front curvature. Based on this evidence a corrective function is derived in order to remediate the limitations of the O-integral. Solutions due to Newman and Raju are used to account for the effects of free surfaces and finite thickness. The accuracy of the proposed procedure is assessed by solving a number of examples and by comparing the obtained results to those available in the literature.     

Influence of Surface Modification on Tribo-Performance of Hybrid Glass/PTFE Fabric Composite with Phenolic Resin Binder

The fabric/phenolic composites with the pure and silanized hybrid glass/PTFE fabric were prepared by dip-coating of the hybrid glass/PTFE fabrics in a phenolic resin. The friction and wear performances of the resulting fabric composites were evaluated using pin-on-disc wear tester. The composition change of the glass fabric in hybrid glass/PTFE fabric after silanization was analyzed by FTIR spectroscopy. The morphologies of the composite structures and the worn surfaces of the composites were analyzed by means of scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results show that the fabric/phenolic composite with the β-aminoethyltrimethoxylsilane silanized hybrid glass/PTFE fabric can obtain the highest load-carrying capacity and the best wear-resistance, followed by the composite with γ-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane silanized hybrid glass/PTFE fabric. Chemical reactions have achieved as the hybrid glass/PTFE fabric was silanized with β-aminoethyltrimethoxyl silane or γ-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxy silane, which contribute to strengthen the bonding strength between the fabric and the adhesive and hence to improve the tribological properties of the hybrid glass/PTFE fabric composites.     

An examination of the mechanisms for stable foam formation in activated sludge systems

Screening pure cultures of 65 mycolic acid producing bacteria (Mycolata) isolated mainly from activated sludge with a laboratory based foaming test revealed that not all foamed under the conditions used. However, for most, the data were generally consistent with the flotation theory as an explanation for foaming. Thus a stable foam required three components, air bubbles, surfactants and hydrophobic cells. With non-hydrophobic cells, an unstable foam was generated, and in the absence of surfactants, cells formed a greasy surface scum. Addition of surfactant converted a scumming population into one forming a stable foam. The ability to generate a foam depended on a threshold cell number, which varied between individual isolates and reduced markedly in the presence of surfactant. Consequently, the concept of a universal threshold applicable to all foaming Mycolata is not supported by these data. The role of surfactants in foaming is poorly understood, but evidence is presented for the first time that surfactin synthesised by Bacillus subtilis may be important.     

产品造型CAD的研究与应用

分析和研究了产品造型的传统设计方法与ＣＡＤ设计方法，指出ＣＡＤ用于产．品造型设计，可以减少设计师的大量重复劳动，节约许多时间，并提高设计质量，使他们的创作才能得以充分发挥．     

Resonant charge transfer in back-scattering of H-atoms from the Cs adsorbates on the Cs/Cu(1 1 1) surface

We use the wave packet propagation approach to study the dynamics of resonant charge transfer in hydrogen back-scattering from Cs adsorbates on Cu(1 1 1). The affinity level of the projectile strongly interacts with an adsorbate-localized state leading to an important modification of the projectile–substrate resonant charge transfer. At very low collision energies (<2.5 eV) the adiabatic evolution of the system leads to the blocking of the negative ion formation in back-scattering of neutral hydrogen atoms from Cs adsorbate. At higher energies non-adiabatic transitions exist, and negative ion formation is possible.     

Adsorption behavior of radioactive cesium by non-mica minerals

We studied the adsorption behavior of radioactive cesium (Cs) by the non-mica minerals kaolinite, halloysite, chlorite, montmorillonite, mordenite, MnO₂, TiO₂, Al₂O₃, and FeOOH to elucidate the environmental behavior of radioactive Cs fallout from the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant in the Tohoku region of Japan. The adsorption and desorption experiments of Cs on the minerals were carried out at the Cs concentrations 1 × 10^?4, 1 × 10^?5, and 2 × 10^?9 mole L^?1 at pH 5.5. The desorption of Cs from the minerals was examined using 0.1 mole L^?1 LiCl, NaCl, KCl, RbCl, and CsCl solutions. The sequential desorption was examined using a 0.1 mole L^?1 LiCl solution, a 1 mole L^?1 KCl solution, and a 1 mole L^?1 HCl solution. The distribution coefficient (K _d) for the minerals at the Cs concentration 10^?9 mole L^?1 was in the order of mordenite > illite > montmorillonite, sericite, MnO₂, kaolinite, and halloysite > chlorite, TiO₂, Al₂O₃, and FeOOH, differing from the order observed at higher Cs concentrations. After the sequential desorption by the three reagent solutions, the residual fraction of Cs was higher at the Cs concentration 10^?9 mole L^?1 than at higher concentrations. Approximately 40%, 40%, 50%, and 25% of the adsorbed Cs were residual in montmorillonite, mordenite, MnO₂, and kaolinite, respectively, after the sequential desorption. These results strongly suggest that (1) radioactive Cs at 10^?9 mole L^?1 is more strongly associated with the non-mica minerals than at higher concentrations of 1 × 10^?4 and 1 × 10^?5 mole L^?1, and (2) the non-mica minerals montmorillonite, mordenite, kaolinite, and MnO₂ contributed to the fixation of the radioactive Cs fallout on Fukushima soil.     

Tunneling in High-K Isomeric Decays

We have systematically investigated highly-K-forbidden transitions observed in the Hf, W and Os region, using the γ-tunneling model in which low-K and high-K states interact through a process of quantum tunneling. The measured hindrance factors are compared with the values calculated using the γ-tunneling model. Isotope dependences of γ-tunneling probabilities particularly for neutron-rich nuclei and the relation to stimulated decays of isomers are discussed.     

The sputter cross section of a surface-vacancy island

Using molecular-dynamics simulation we investigate the effect of surface-vacancy islands on ion-induced sputtering. As an exemplary case, the sputtering of a Pt(1 1 1) surface by 5 keV Ar⁺ ions incident at 83° towards the surface normal is investigated. We find that only the ascending step of the island induces sputtering. Wide vacancy islands exhibit the direct-hit, indirect-hit and channeling zones previously identified for surface steps and adatom islands. A special role is played by the descending step edge. Even though it is not sputtered itself, it deflects ion trajectories and may direct them to the ascending step edge thus enhancing sputtering. We derive a simple criterion based on the shadow cone of the descending step to decide whether a vacancy island contributes to sputtering or not.     

磨合过程中表面形貌变化的分形表征

磨合是各运动副在投入运行前为获得好的配合性、提高承载能力所必须经历的过程,表面形貌的明显变化是磨合过程中表现出的重要特征。本文引入分形理论,用分形参数表征磨合表面的形貌变化。研究表明,磨合表面变化的分形参数表征是简单有效的。     

Usage of 3D roughness parameters adapted to the experimental simulation of sheet-tool contact during a drawing operation

The multipass strip drawing tests of sheet metal car body parts in cylinder/sheet/cylinder contact geometry is particularly well adapted to the simulation of sheet/tool contact conditions during a stamping operation. Within this framework, a rough sheet rubs against a smooth tool. During the sliding contact, a modification in the average size of plateaus appears, the locations where the shear stress and normal pressures are transmitted. Owing to a profilometrical relocation technique between each tool passage, we use statistical parameters corresponding to the average width and length of the plateaus. The observed flattening of the plateaus and the quantity of free wear particles modifying the third body in the contact are particularly more important in the case of aluminum sheets than in those of mild steel sheets.